雅思听力考试出题的两个原则及两个常用场景
<p> 在<span word="IELTS">IELTS</span>听力考试中，替换是出题者经常使用的一个原则，而且每套试题中都必然多次出现。这种替换出现在题干中的关键词和关键词组不会在原文中直接出现，而是用同义或近义的表达替换出现。最常见的替换如： 1.同意词替换如<span word="scientist">scientist</span> 和<span word="researcher">researcher</span> 之间的替换，<span word="disadvantage">disadvantage</span>和<span word="downside">downside</span>，<span word="drawback">drawback</span>之间的替换，<span word="sign">sign</span>替换<span word="indication">indication</span>。 2.同义词组的替换如：<span word="miss">miss</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span>替换 <span word="main">main</span> <span word="attraction">attraction</span>。 3.主动与被动的替换：<span word="Coffee">Coffee</span> <span word="farming">farming</span> <span word="provides">provides</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="for">for</span> 30 <span word="million">million</span> <span word="people">people</span> 替换 30 <span word="million">million</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="earn">earn</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="coffee">coffee</span>. 4.加减关系的替换：某题原文为<span word="Er">Er</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottles">bottles</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="contain">contain</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="quarters">quarters</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="recycled">recycled</span>. 该题题干为 <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="bottle">bottle</span> <span word="makers">makers</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="about">about</span> __% <span word="recycled">recycled</span> <span word="glass">glass</span>.用总数1减去3/4得1/4，再转换成百分数即得答案，正确答案为25% 考生在做题时如遇到某到题目题干原文关键词的替换出现，则应提高警惕，该题目的正确答案马上就会出现，切忌一味等待原文中会出现题目中的原文。 根据这个原则，如果考生在等待某一道题目的相关信息时，下一道题目的替换已经出现，考生应注意自己可能已经漏掉了一道题目。 正态分布原则 在数学中有一种概念叫做正态分布，意思是说在科学的测验或调查中，总是处在中间部分的个体数量最多，而在两端的个体数量较少。 例如在参加考试的考生中，得5分或6分的人数量最多，而考0分，1分和8分，9分的人数量很少。 这是一个非常有用的原则，我们可以根据中间多，两边少的原则对题目进行分析，预测和猜答，十分有效。 此法也可以进一步引申到几种被选答案的平均出现。下面仅举95年使馆样题的三道难度较大的题目进行分析。 18题到20题是一种难度较大的题型，考生首先要判断题干信息是否正确，如果正确，打勾；如果不正确，应把正确答案填在空白处。根据正态分布的规律，正确答案中必然会有打对勾的题目，所以如果考生只能够做出一道题目，不妨将剩下两个空全部填上对号；如果考生一道题目也做不出来，不妨将三个空全填对号，而答案中18题，20题答案为对号。这样考生至少就可以答对2/3的题目。 21题到24题，考生通过仔细观察题目会发现，<span word="Type">Type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="coffee">coffee</span>这一横行应填<span word="I">I</span>，<span word="R">R</span>，或<span word="E">E</span>.而这一横行中<span word="I">I</span>和<span word="E">E</span>两个选项都已经出现过了，所以如果考生没有做出21题和24题，可以猜答<span word="R">R</span>，而正确答案21题和24题全部选<span word="R">R</span>. 25题到32题，要求考生填1分，2分或3分，根据正态分布原则，考生对于没有听出来的题目，可以猜答2分，而正确答案中有5个是填2分。 会议场景 会议场景中，开场白经常是由会议的<span word="president">president</span>或是<span word="organizer">organizer</span>来进行自我介绍，然后介绍会议的具体内容。除此之外，还要介绍会议的会期多长，这里有一个经常考到的考点-第几次场景。 如某年真题为 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="conventions">conventions</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="held">held</span>? <span word="A">A</span> 2 <span word="B">B</span> 3 <span word="C">C</span> 4 <span word="D">D</span> 5 原文为<span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="annual">annual</span> <span word="retailers">retailers</span> <span word="convention">convention</span>.因为今年是第3次会议，所以以前已经举办过2次会议，答案为<span word="A">A</span>. 第几次场景不光是在会议场景中多次出现，又如， <span word="How">How</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="studying">studying</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="college">college</span>? <span word="A">A</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="year">year</span>;<span word="B">B</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="C">C</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="years">years</span> 原文为 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="campus">campus</span>.所以此人已经在学校里学习过一年了，答案为<span word="A">A</span>。 另一个常考的考点是会议地点。这种题的答案一般都是举办会议国家的首都。 如某年真题为 <span word="Where">Where</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="convention">convention</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="held">held</span>? <span word="A">A</span> <span word="Brisbane">Brisbane</span> <span word="B">B</span> <span word="Melbourne">Melbourne</span> <span word="C">C</span> <span word="Canberra">Canberra</span> <span word="D">D</span> <span word="Sydney">Sydney</span> 根据技巧，我们不用听文章也可根据澳大利亚的首都是<span word="Canberra">Canberra</span>将题目做出，答案为<span word="C">C</span>。 除此之外，开会的各位还免不了要去首都的各个名胜去观光，所以还会考到如何坐车等问题，一般是考察考生听数字和地名的听写能力，难度不大。 描述人物相貌特征的场景 <span word="IELTS">IELTS</span> 听力考试中经常会反复考到描述人物相貌特征的场景。 如2000年5月末北京地区的听力考题，<span word="section">section</span> 1 考到了两名强盗抢劫一位老妇的场景，其中问到了两名罪犯的相貌特征。一名罪犯的特征是瘦而且高<span word="slim">slim</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tall">tall</span>, 而另一名罪犯的特征是下巴（<span word="chin">chin</span>）上有一道疤痕<span word="scar">scar</span>.针对这种题目，考生只要做好了充分的准备，熟悉常见的描述人物相貌特征的词汇，就可以做到以不变应万变，顺利解题。 形容人物面部特征的常用词汇有: <span word="beard">beard</span>下巴上的胡子, <span word="moustache">moustache</span> 上唇的胡子, <span word="clean">clean</span>-<span word="shaven">shaven</span>胡子刮得很干净的。 形容头发：<span word="pigtail">pigtail</span>辫子, <span word="curly">curly</span> <span word="hair">hair</span>卷发, <span word="wavy">wavy</span> <span word="hair">hair</span>卷发, <span word="straight">straight</span> <span word="hair">hair</span>直发, <span word="short">short</span> <span word="hair">hair</span>短头发, <span word="long">long</span> <span word="hair">hair</span>长头发, <span word="spiky">spiky</span> <span word="hair">hair</span> 短而直的头发。 表示眼镜的说法有<span word="glasses">glasses</span>，<span word="spectacles">spectacles</span>, <span word="lens">lens</span>. 其他描述面部特征的词汇还有 <span word="dimple">dimple</span>酒窝, <span word="scar">scar</span>疤痕以及是否佩带<span word="jewelry">jewelry</span>珠宝等等,。 从服装特征来区分人：正式的服装<span word="formal">formal</span> <span word="dress">dress</span>: <span word="suit">suit</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tie">tie</span> 非正式的服装<span word="casual">casual</span> <span word="dress">dress</span>: <span word="jeans">jeans</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="T">T</span> <span word="shirts">shirts</span> 从服装的宽松程度来区分 <span word="loose">loose</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span>/<span word="tight">tight</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span>. 从服装的颜色来区分：由于从试卷上只能看出颜色的深浅而不能看出具体颜色，所以<span word="IELTS">IELTS</span>听力考试中凡是涉及到颜色的时侯，只能考颜色的深浅和黑与白这样简单的区分。如<span word="white">white</span>白色,<span word="dark">dark</span>黑色,<span word="black">black</span>黑色,<span word="light">light</span>浅色。注意区分 <span word="shirt">shirt</span>男式衬衫和女裙<span word="skirt">skirt</span>的拼写。 人物的体形描述：<span word="tall">tall</span>高，<span word="high">high</span>高,<span word="short">short</span>矮, <span word="small">small</span> 矮小的，<span word="fat">fat</span>胖，<span word="stout">stout</span> 肥胖的，<span word="stocky">stocky</span> 粗壮的，<span word="slim">slim</span>瘦的, <span word="thin">thin</span>瘦的，<span word="slender">slender</span>苗条的，瘦长的，<span word="medium">medium</span>-<span word="built">built</span>中等身材的。 </p>
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