雅思考试写作概述与不同类型作文的评分标准
<p> 雅思考试全程考试时间为2小时55分钟。其中，写作在听力、阅读部分之后出现，是笔试的最后一项。雅思写作考试要求在60分钟内完成两篇作文（<span word="Task">Task</span> 1 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Task">Task</span> 2）。写作中，以移民为主的培训类（<span word="General">General</span> <span word="Training">Training</span>）和以留学为主的学术类（<span word="Academic">Academic</span>）试题类型有所不同。 <span word="Task">Task</span> 1要求考生在20分钟内完成150字以上的文章。<span word="G">G</span>类（培训类）要求考生针对题目要求写一封信来询问某方面信息或阐释某种状况。到目前为止，出现较多的书信种类有投诉信、请求信、建议信、寻找失物信、邀请信等。而<span word="A">A</span>类（学术类）则考核图表为主。考得较多的有曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格等。也有可能考到两种不同种类的图。另外，流程图和示意图也偶尔考到。 <span word="Task">Task</span> 2 要求考生在40分钟内写作一篇不少于250字的议论文。<span word="A">A</span>类和<span word="G">G</span>类在<span word="Task">Task</span> 2方面非常相似。考生可能需要对某个观点发表支持或反驳意见，或者讨论针锋相对的一组观点，或者解释某种问题出现的原因并提出相应的解决办法。 雅思评分按9分制。基本上，移民或读语言学校起码要5分（<span word="Modest">Modest</span> <span word="User">User</span>）。留学需要6分（<span word="Competent">Competent</span> <span word="User">User</span>）以上。如果读的是法律、传媒、管理等名校的研究生的话，写作最好达到7分（<span word="Good">Good</span> <span word="User">User</span>）。但考生最后写作成绩并不是<span word="Task">Task</span> 1和<span word="Task">Task</span> 2的简单平均，而是以<span word="Task">Task</span> 2为主。 雅思写作的评分标准不象四六级或托福采用整体式的评分，而是分项式评分（<span word="analytical">analytical</span> <span word="scoring">scoring</span>）。也就是说，考官给考生并不只打一个分数，而是根据具体的评分细则分项给分。 书信或图表评分标准： <span word="Task">Task</span> 1（书信或图表）按照以下三方面评分：<span word="Task">Task</span> <span word="Fulfilment">Fulfilment</span>（完成任务）；<span word="Coherence">Coherence</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Cohesion">Cohesion</span>（连贯与衔接）；<span word="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Sentence">Sentence</span> <span word="Structure">Structure</span>（词汇与句子结构）。 <span word="Task">Task</span> <span word="Fulfilment">Fulfilment</span>指的是考生是否能够在正确审题的基础上完成题目的指令。具体说来，书信作文应该完成书信的使命，题目里的每一项要求都不可或缺。图表作文应该在对于图表所给出的数据进行分析的基础上指出图表的总体趋势和走向，并点明与总趋势不相吻合的特殊之处，而且还要有数据的支持。 <span word="Coherence">Coherence</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Cohesion">Cohesion</span>指的是文章通过一定的衔接手段（<span word="Cohesive">Cohesive</span> <span word="Devices">Devices</span>）来表明上下文的连贯性（<span word="Coherence">Coherence</span>）。衔接手段，或叫语篇纽带，经常用的有（<span word="logical">logical</span>）逻辑、（<span word="grammatical">grammatical</span>）语法和（<span word="semantic">semantic</span>）语义三方面的连接词（<span word="connectors">connectors</span>）。 <span word="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Sentence">Sentence</span> <span word="Structure">Structure</span>指的是文章的语言表达。5分或5分以下的作文一般语法错误较多。6分作文则一般没有致命的语法错误，用词和句子基本准确。而7分以上的作文用词丰富（<span word="Variety">Variety</span>）、句子结构复杂（<span word="Complexity">Complexity</span>）。 议论文评分标准： <span word="Task">Task</span> 2（议论文）的三方面评分标准是：<span word="Arguments">Arguments</span>, <span word="Ideas">Ideas</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Evidence">Evidence</span>（论证，论点和论据）；<span word="Communicative">Communicative</span> <span word="Quality">Quality</span>（交流质量）；<span word="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Sentence">Sentence</span> <span word="Structure">Structure</span>（词汇与句子结构）。 <span word="Arguments">Arguments</span>, <span word="Ideas">Ideas</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span>涉及对于议论文的内容要求。具体说来，应该是内容切题，论据合理，论证充分。 对于<span word="Ideas">Ideas</span>（内容）而言，应该注意的是不要出现跑题。有的考生由于词汇量有限，导致题目中的单词不认识，从而写作的时候写离题了。比如：<span word="Nowadays">Nowadays</span>, <span word="international">international</span> <span word="tourism">tourism</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>. <span word="Unfortunately">Unfortunately</span>, <span word="international">international</span> <span word="tourism">tourism</span> <span word="creates">creates</span> <span word="tension">tension</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="cultures">cultures</span>. <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="disagree">disagree</span>? 如果考生不懂<span word="international">international</span> <span word="tourism">tourism</span>是什么意思的话，这道题是没法写的。但是，雅思写作涉及的词汇量并不是大得令人生畏，大概有六七千左右。考生万一碰到个把单词不理解的话，完全可以通过上下文加以推测。比如上面这句话中<span word="tension">tension</span>可能是个生词，但是如果考生能想到<span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span>表示对比关系的话，可以推断<span word="tension">tension</span>应该和<span word="understanding">understanding</span>（理解）形成反义词，那就应该是接近于误解，即紧张关系的意思。所以，对于单词，考生应该平时注意积累，应试时根据上下文推断。 有的考生可能题目里面每个单词都认识依然写跑题，那可能是因为对于所涉及的题材不了解，没话可说。比如：<span word="When">When</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="develops">develops</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="technology">technology</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="skills">skills</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="die">die</span> <span word="out">out</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="pointless">pointless</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="alive">alive</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="extent">extent</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="disagree">disagree</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="opinion">opinion</span>? 如果考生毫不了解所谓的传统技能和生活方式的话，肯定对此束手无策。雅思议论文涉及<span word="contemporary">contemporary</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="issues">issues</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="interest">interest</span>（人们普遍感兴趣的当代社会问题），考生应该平时注意这方面的知识积累和主动思考。 另外，还有的考生不但认识题目中的每个单词，而且也熟悉话题，但依然写跑题，那很有可能是因为没有抓住写作重点。事实上，绝大多数考生写跑题都是因为这个因素。比如：<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="increasing">increasing</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="juvenile">juvenile</span> <span word="delinquents">delinquents</span>. <span word="Analyze">Analyze</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="recommendations">recommendations</span>. 许多考生都会注意到这道题考的是青少年犯罪话题，而且应该分析原因并提出解决办法。但是，如果原因只写了一段而建议写了数段的话，那么就是犯了忽略重点的错误。因为，如果没有把原因进行详细分析而贸然提出建议的话，这种建议是缺乏依据的。正确的做法应该是原因写二至三段，结果写一段。其次，考生还应注意到这道题考的不是泛泛的青少年犯罪的原因与解决方法，而是为什么现在青少年犯罪人数越来越多的原因和建议。由此看来，考生应该仔细审题，防止产生理解上的偏差。 对于<span word="Evidence">Evidence</span>（论据）来说，关键要合理，并且能够证明论点。比如<span word="Wild">Wild</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 21<span word="st">st</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="waste">waste</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="resources">resources</span>. <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="disagree">disagree</span>? 有同学这样写道：<span word="We">We</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="imagine">imagine</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="cat">cat</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="mice">mice</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mice">mice</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reduction">reduction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="resources">resources</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span>. <span word="Thus">Thus</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>. 这里，猫的论据是不合适的，因为猫不属于<span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>（野生动物）。再比如，<span word="The">The</span> <span word="university">university</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="theoretical">theoretical</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="training">training</span>. <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="disagree">disagree</span>? 有同学在论证这道题的时候举了赵括纸上谈兵的例子，说赵括就是典型的有很多兵法等理论知识，但是由于缺乏带兵打仗的实际经验，导致秦赵长平之战中赵兵大败，自己也命丧沙场，这充分说明了只有理论知识没有实际经验的恶果，所以应该重视实际经验。但这个论据也是不得体的，因为题目涉及的是大学应该怎么做，而赵括明显没有上过大学。事实上，古代的例子通常不适宜在雅思作文中出现，即便出现了，许多情况下只是作为反面例子与现今状况形成对比。 好的<span word="Arguments">Arguments</span>（论证）应该是充分并且有力的。这就需要运用多种论证手法。常用的论证手法有：<span word="explanation">explanation</span>（解释说明），<span word="emphasis">emphasis</span>（强调论证），<span word="exemplification">exemplification</span>（举例说明），<span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>（因果论证），<span word="comparison">comparison</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>（比较与对比）<span word="facts">facts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span>（事实和统计数据），<span word="concession">concession</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="refutation">refutation</span>（让步与反驳），<span word="classification">classification</span>（分类），<span word="definition">definition</span>（下定义），<span word="analogy">analogy</span>（比喻）等。论证手法的运用还应该和关联词结合起来。 <span word="Communicative">Communicative</span> <span word="Quality">Quality</span>（交流质量）大体上与<span word="Task">Task</span> 1的<span word="Coherence">Coherence</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Cohesion">Cohesion</span>相同，也涉及文章中代词，关联词，同义反义词等的运用。常用的关联词有：对比<span word="however">however</span>, <span word="although">although</span>, <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="nevertheless">nevertheless</span>；结果<span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="consequence">consequence</span>, <span word="therefore">therefore</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span>, <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span>；附加<span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span>, <span word="additionally">additionally</span>, <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="furthermore">furthermore</span>, <span word="also">also</span>, <span word="moreover">moreover</span>；举例<span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="including">including</span>；强调<span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="indeed">indeed</span>；时间<span word="after">after</span>, <span word="following">following</span>, <span word="before">before</span>, <span word="until">until</span>, <span word="during">during</span>, <span word="between">between</span>, <span word="while">while</span>等。</p>
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