2009年1月17日雅思阅读题源文章
<p> <span word="Laughter">Laughter</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Tickling">Tickling</span> <span word="Laughter">Laughter</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="physiologically">physiologically</span> <span word="spasmodic">spasmodic</span>, <span word="rhythmic">rhythmic</span>, <span word="vocalized">vocalized</span>, <span word="expiratory">expiratory</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="involuntary">involuntary</span>. <span word="Stearns">Stearns</span> <span word="discusses">discusses</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="detail">detail</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="neural">neural</span> <span word="pathways">pathways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tickle">tickle</span>-<span word="laughter">laughter</span> <span word="reflex">reflex</span> <span word="arc">arc</span>. <span word="Regarding">Regarding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tickling">tickling</span>, <span word="Stearns">Stearns</span> <span word="defers">defers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Houssay">Houssay</span>, <span word="who">who</span> ``<span word="contends">contends</span> <span word="that">that</span> [<span word="tickling">tickling</span>] <span word="is">is</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> `<span word="simultaneous">simultaneous</span> <span word="excitation">excitation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="touch">touch</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="receptors">receptors</span>... <span word="because">because</span> <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="section">section</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spinothalamic">spinothalamic</span> <span word="tract">tract</span> ; <span word="also">also</span>, <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="provoked">provoked</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="circulation">circulation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="extremity">extremity</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="arrested">arrested</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="eliminates">eliminates</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="touch">touch</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="eliminated">eliminated</span> <span word="later">later</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="short">short</span>, <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="involves">involves</span> <span word="simultaneous">simultaneous</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="touch">touch</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="perfectly">perfectly</span> <span word="isomorphic">isomorphic</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="elements">elements</span> <span word="N">N</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="V">V</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="humor">humor</span>.</p><p> <span word="Pain">Pain</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="all">all</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="violation">violation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="integrity">integrity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="comfort">comfort</span>; <span word="these">these</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="principles">principles</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="certainly">certainly</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="viscerally">viscerally</span>. <span word="Pain">Pain</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="essentially">essentially</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sensory">sensory</span> <span word="representation">representation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="violation">violation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="bodys">bodys</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="order">order</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="represents">represents</span> <span word="V">V</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="violation">violation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="principle">principle</span>, <span word="reduced">reduced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="physiological">physiological</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="stimulus">stimulus</span>. <span word="Touch">Touch</span> <span word="sensations">sensations</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>, <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="internal">internal</span> <span word="representation">representation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="external">external</span>, <span word="touched">touched</span> <span word="stimulus">stimulus</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="organism">organism</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="process">process</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="representation">representation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stimulus">stimulus</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="painless">painless</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>; <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="representation">representation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="contact">contact</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="stimulus">stimulus</span>, <span word="N">N</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="requires">requires</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> ``<span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="touch">touch</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="remarkable">remarkable</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="appears">appears</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="humor">humor</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="physiology">physiology</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="restatement">restatement</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="physiological">physiological</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="humor">humor</span>. <span word="Indeed">Indeed</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="tickling">tickling</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="cerebral">cerebral</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="forms">forms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="humor">humor</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="representation">representation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="nervous">nervous</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="biological">biological</span> <span word="implementations">implementations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="evolutionarily">evolutionarily</span> <span word="related">related</span>.</p>
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