雅思口语素材：羊群效应
<p> <span word="If">If</span> <span word="youve">youve</span> <span word="ever">ever</span> <span word="watched">watched</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="herding">herding</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="stampede">stampede</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="like">like</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sudden">sudden</span> <span word="chaotic">chaotic</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="panics">panics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="begins">begins</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="direction">direction</span>. <span word="Stampedes">Stampedes</span> <span word="arent">arent</span> <span word="planned">planned</span> <span word="events">events</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="herd">herd</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fairly">fairly</span> <span word="disastrous">disastrous</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="injured">injured</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="trapped">trapped</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="stampede">stampede</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="positive">positive</span> <span word="results">results</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="escaping">escaping</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="predator">predator</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="protects">protects</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="herds">herds</span> <span word="survival">survival</span>.</p><p> <span word="These">These</span> <span word="unplanned">unplanned</span> <span word="incidents">incidents</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="aspects">aspects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="culture">culture</span>. <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span>, <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="act">act</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="concert">concert</span>, <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="situations">situations</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="leave">leave</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="decision">decision</span> <span word="making">making</span>. <span word="Like">Like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="stampeding">stampeding</span>, <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="humans">humans</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="positive">positive</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="applies">applies</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="humans">humans</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="appears">appears</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span>. <span word="Wilfred">Wilfred</span> <span word="Trotters">Trotters</span> 1914 <span word="book">book</span> <span word="Instincts">Instincts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Herd">Herd</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Peace">Peace</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="War">War</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="wasnt">wasnt</span> <span word="exactly">exactly</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="idea">idea</span>, <span word="though">though</span> <span word="Trotter">Trotter</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="credited">credited</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="phrase">phrase</span>. <span word="Sigmund">Sigmund</span> <span word="Freud">Freud</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="extensively">extensively</span> <span word="discusses">discusses</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="crowd">crowd</span> <span word="psychology">psychology</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Carl">Carl</span> <span word="Jung">Jung</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="psychology">psychology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="universal">universal</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="collective">collective</span> <span word="unconscious">unconscious</span>.</p><p> <span word="You">You</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="economics">economics</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="begin">begin</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sell">sell</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stock">stock</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="spree">spree</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="panic">panic</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="leave">leave</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="crashing">crashing</span>. <span word="Similarly">Similarly</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="retail">retail</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</span> <span word="sales">sales</span>. <span word="People">People</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="injured">injured</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="attempting">attempting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="item">item</span> <span word="offered">offered</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="price">price</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="doors">doors</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="store">store</span> <span word="opens">opens</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="crowd">crowd</span> <span word="stampedes">stampedes</span> <span word="in">in</span>. <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="stampedes">stampedes</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="occurred">occurred</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="rock">rock</span> <span word="concerts">concerts</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="seating">seating</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rush">rush</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="closest">closest</span> <span word="seats">seats</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="front">front</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="occasionally">occasionally</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="tragic">tragic</span> <span word="results">results</span>.</p>
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