雅思写作：英汉写作差异举例
<p> 一、英语多引申，汉语多推理</p><p> 英语有两句俗话：一是<span word="You">You</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="keeps">keeps</span> ，二是<span word="Words">Words</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="them">them</span>.。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。</p><p> 例如：<span word="While">While</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="definitions">definitions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="historians">historians</span>, <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="closely">closely</span> <span word="conforms">conforms</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sees">sees</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="recreate">recreate</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="significant">significant</span> <span word="events">events</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>.</p><p> 二、英语多被动，汉语多主动</p><p> 英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有被、由之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译：</p><p> <span word="It">It</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="pointed">pointed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span>...必须指出</p><p> <span word="It">It</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="admitted">admitted</span> <span word="that">that</span>...必须承认</p><p> <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="imagined">imagined</span> <span word="that">that</span>...人们认为</p><p> <span word="It">It</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="denied">denied</span> <span word="that">that</span>...不可否认</p><p> <span word="It">It</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="that">that</span>...由此可知原文中有三个被动语态<span word="is">is</span> <span word="imagined">imagined</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="compared">compared</span>和<span word="be">be</span> <span word="required">required</span>，译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、相比和掌握。</p>
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