七年级生物（北师大版）同步分层精练：2.2 生物学研究的基本方法
题型：选择题※难度：较易
<div><div><p>【题目】某兴趣小组在校园里进行探究鼠妇生活环境的实验,在各种环境中发现的鼠妇数量如下表。根据记录可推断适合鼠妇生存的环境条件是( )</p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border:2.25pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse"><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:55.95pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>地 点</p></td><td style="width:23.7pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>鼠妇只数</p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>塑胶跑道</p></td><td style="width:23.7pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>0</p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>水槽边的石头下</p></td><td style="width:23.7pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>32</p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>种花的湿花盆底下</p></td><td style="width:23.7pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>20</p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>干草地中</p></td><td style="width:23.7pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>4</p></td></tr></table><p> </p><p> </p><p>A. 日照时间长 B. 阴暗潮湿</p><p>C. 空气对流 D. 寒冷干燥</p></div></div>
<div><p>【答案】B</p><p>【解析】试题分析：通过表格可以分析：在水槽边的石头下和种花的湿花盆下鼠妇的数量最多，而水泥路上、干草地中鼠妇的数量很少，比较这两种环境的差别，可以发现主要区别条件是：光照和水分，而鼠妇大多集中在阴暗、潮湿的环境中，而光亮、干燥的环境中鼠妇的数量很少，可推知：鼠妇的适宜生存的环境条件是：阴暗潮湿，故选B。</p></div>
题型：综合题
※难度：一般
<div><div><p>【题目】我国历史上少数帝王曾妄想“长生不老”,盲目服用“仙丹”,其结果大多英年早逝。当今一些生物学家在研究小白鼠实验时,发现了“返老还童”的生命现象,这或许给人们延缓衰老提供了新的思路。以下是该课题的实验设计方案:</p><p>①选取健康且生命特征相同的18月龄白鼠和3月龄白鼠若干只备用。</p><p>②分别抽取3月龄和18月龄白鼠的血液若干毫升,分装到不同的瓶中备用。</p><p>③实验设计如下表:</p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border:2.25pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse"><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:7.95pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>组别</p></td><td style="width:85.2pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>A组</p></td><td style="width:77.7pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>B组</p></td><td style="width:82.2pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>C组</p></td><td style="width:136.95pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>备 注</p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:7.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>实验</p><p>材料</p></td><td style="width:85.2pt; border-style:solid; border-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>18月龄白鼠10只</p></td><td style="width:77.7pt; border-style:solid; border-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>18月龄白鼠10只</p></td><td style="width:82.2pt; border-style:solid; border-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>3月龄白鼠10只</p></td><td rowspan="2" style="width:136.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; border-bottom-style:solid; border-bottom-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>3月龄白鼠为年轻鼠,18月龄白鼠为年老鼠</p></td></tr><tr style="height:16.5pt"><td style="width:7.95pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>实验</p><p>步骤</p></td><td style="width:85.2pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>注射等量18月龄白鼠血液</p></td><td style="width:77.7pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>注射等量3月龄白鼠血液</p></td><td style="width:82.2pt; border-top-style:solid; border-top-width:2.25pt; border-right-style:solid; border-right-width:2.25pt; border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:2.25pt; padding:2.62pt 4.28pt; vertical-align:middle"><p>注射等量18月龄白鼠血液</p></td></tr></table><p> </p><p>(1)要探究“年轻白鼠的血液是否会对年老白鼠产生影响”这一问题,应选取___组作为对照组。 </p><p>(2)实验方案中的B组和C组不能构成对照实验,是因为___。 </p><p>(3)请你根据题意,预测可能出现“返老还童”现象的是___组。</p></div></div>
<div><p>【答案】 A 变量不唯一(有两个变量) B</p><p>【解析】（1）分析表中的实验设计可知：为探究年轻鼠的血液是否会对年老鼠产生影响，该实验方案设计了两组对照实验，其中A与B以年轻鼠的血液为变量形成一组对照实验，目的是探究年轻鼠的血液会对年老鼠产生影响。其中B组注射等量3月龄白鼠血液，是对实验变量进行处理的，就是实验组。A组注射等量18月龄白鼠血液，是对实验变量没有处理是对照组。<br />（2）B组和C组有两个变量，分别是鼠的年龄不同和不同年龄的血液，对照实验变量唯一。<br />（3）根据以上实验现象可以得出：B组可能出现“返老还童”现象。</p></div>
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