高中英语议写作指导
上海市共和中学杨家贵英语作文教学向来是英语教学中的难点,学生写作的确也存在着各种各样的问题,如果让学生从基础抓起,一条条地去克服,显然对于学习任务繁重,而有不得不时时紧张备考各门功课的学生来说,是耗不起如此巨大的精力与时间的.但是,只要我们英语教师不断地钻研作文的辅导方法,积累更多的切实可行的英语作文写作模式教与学生,这也不失为快速﹑有效﹑全面地解决问题,提高学生英语写作水平的好方法.分析了高中英语议论文的相关要点，提供两种类型的议论文写作模式,用于对学生的指导，使其能利用所提供的议论文模式轻松地完成写作任务．</P>一、英语议论文写作要点</p>议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张.作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读</p>者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:</p>1.论点要鲜明、确切．一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．</p>2.论据要充分、可靠．一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．</p>3.论证要严密、得法．归纳法（induction）和演绎法（deduction）是议论文常用的论证方法．归纳法的例子为基础，从几个例子和现象中，归纳出某种道理和看法．例如：报纸是一种媒体（medium），人们可以从中得到现代信息；电视是一种媒体，人们也可以从中获得信息；广播也是媒体，人们同样可以从中获得现代信息．因此我们可以得出结论，其他媒体，如网络等，一定会给人们信息．演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础，从一般论断，演绎到不同事例，再加以论述，最后再回到一般论断上来．例如：所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息，网络是媒体，因此人们可以从网络中获得信息．在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以点概面．如：（课本高二上P81）：</p>Iborrowedabookfromthelibrarylastweek.Itwasveryboringanddifficult.Ireadonlytenpages.Therefore,Ithinkthatalllibrarybooksareuseless.</p>评注:Itdoesnothavealogicalargument.Thewriterdislikeonelibrarybook,butnotalllibrarybooksarethesame.Thewritershouldnotmakeageneralstatement(Alllibrarybooksareuseless)basedonhisreactionstoonesinglebook.</P>二、议论文的写作步骤:</p>1.引言(introduction)．由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制．因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么．</p>2.主体段（mainbody）．主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据．（adequateproofs）来论证自己的观点．一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述．</p>3.结论（conclusion）．结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章．同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话．</p>例：课本高二上P78第一封信</p>Tutorialcenterishelpful.</p>Ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears.MycommandofEnglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceIstartedthiscourse.</p>Atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable.Mytutorsarequalifiedteachers.Ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem.Theyaresincereandkind.</p>OneofmyteacherswasBritish.Atfirst,Icouldnotsayanythingtoher.ButlaterIlearnedhowtocommunicateinEnglishwithawesterner.</p>IthinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingEnglish.评注:第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful(段划线部分),主体段分别从几个方面(划线部分)来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线部分),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.</P>三、议论文的写作模式</p>1.议论文的类型</p>英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:</p>①“一分为二”的观点．如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”</p>②“两者选一”的观点．如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”</p>③“我认为……”型．如“你对课外阅读的看法”</p>④“怎样……（howto）”型．如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”．</p>⑤图表作文．通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法．</p>按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作．在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利．论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点．反之亦然．</p>在第②种类型中，命题要求在A或B两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：</p>a.要么支持A，要么支持B;</p>b.A、B优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选A,在什么条件选B．</p>下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式</p>Introduction</p>第1段:Nowadaysmoreandmorepeople．．．/．．．playsanimportantpartin．．．.likeeverythingelse,．．．has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows.Mainbody</p>第2段：Firstly,..Secondly,…Inaddition/What’smore…</p>第3段:Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious.Tobeginwith…;Tomakemattersworse…;Worseofall…</p>Conclusion</p>第4段:Throughaboveanalysis/Allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages.Therefore…例文1.看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV</p>NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.</p>Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.</p>Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.</p>What’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.</p>Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.</p>Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.例文2.谈谈出国留学的利与弊WheretoattendacollegeNowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad.Likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows.</p>Firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.Secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.Moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.</p>Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry.Mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcan’tallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy.What’smore,theymayfeelverylonely.</p>Throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.写作练习：</p>①谈谈校服（schooluniforms）.</p>提示：近年来，越来越多的中小学要求穿校服．对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论，请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点．</p>Reference:someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms.</p>FORAGAINST</p>1.Studentslookneatandtidy.1.Uniformsareexpensive.</p>2.Thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.2.Childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.</p>3.Parentsallpaythesamemoney.3.Someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.</p>4.Studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.4.Studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.</p>5.Teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.5.Getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.</p>6.Gooddisciplineforstudents.②说广告（aboutadvertisement）.</p>提示：有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为……3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式</p>模式⑴:A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B.</p>Introduction</p>第1段:Somepeopleholdtheopinionthat(A)issuperiorto(B)inmanyways.Others,however,arguethat(B)ismuchbetter.Personally,Iwouldprefer(A)becauseIthink(A)hasmoreadvantages.Mainbody</p>第2段：TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefer(A).Themainreasonisthat…Anotherreasonisthat…(赞同A的原因)</p>Conclusion</p>第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,(A)ismuchbetterthan(B).fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…(总结观点)例文:Whichisbetter?Carsorbikes?</p>Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseIthinkcarshavemoreadvantages.</p>TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefercars.Themainreasonisthatcarsbringconvenienceandmobilitytotheowners.What’smore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather.Anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly.Thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction.</p>Ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy.</p>Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars.模式⑵:A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B.</p>Introduction</p>第1段:Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetween(A)and(B)?Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.Mainbody</p>第2段：Itistruethat(选择A的优势之一).Itisalsotruethat(选择A的优势之二).But(选择A的劣势).</p>第3段:Though.(选择B的劣势),(选择B的优势之一).Furthermore,(选择B的优势之二).Conclusion</p>第4段:Therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose(A),butifyou…,youshouldchoose(B).(总结观点,提出建议)例文:Listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?</p>Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.</p>Itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandconvenient.Itisalsotruethatwecanlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse.Sowecansavealotoftime.Butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule.Youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio.</p>Thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly.Furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect.</p>Wearelivinginaninformationage.Wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals.</p>Therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,we’dbetterreadthenewspaper.写作练习:</p>①健康与财富(HealthandWealth)</p>提示:健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hottopic),请简述你的观点.</p>②哪里住更好(Wheretolive?)</p>提示:有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬.各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?参考文献:</p>1.OxfordEnglishforSeniorHighSchoolStudents(Shanghaiedition),OxfordUniversityPress,1996.</p>2.王长喜十二句作文法,王长喜,北京:中国社会出版社,2003.7</p>3.英语高分指导.写作.高中卷,郭凤高,第二版,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2004</p>4.高考英语作文直通车,曹越宇,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2003附录(Appendix):</P>一、写作常用逻辑衔接词</p>根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即“起”“承”“转”“合”.</p>1.表示“起”的常用词语.用于开篇引出扩展句.</p>atfirst</p>atpresent</p>currently</p>first(ly)</p>inthebeginning</p>tobeginwith</p>firstofall</p>inthefirstplace</p>lately</p>tostartwith</p>now2.有关“承”的常用词语.用来承接上文,表递进.</p>After/afterthat/afterwards</p>Afterafewdays</p>Afterawhile</p>Also/too</p>Atanyrate</p>Atthesametime</p>Besides</p>Furthermore</p>Inaddition</p>Inadditionto</p>Infact</p>Inotherwords</p>Inparticular</p>particularly</p>Inthesameway</p>Incidentally</p>Indeed</p>Meanwhile</p>Moreover</p>Nodoubt</p>Obviously</p>Ofcourse3.有关“转”的常用词语.用来表示不同或相反的意思.</p>Afteralleventhough</p>Allthetimenevertheless</p>Anywaynoheless</p>Atthesametimestill</p>Converselyinfact</p>In/bycontrastasamatteroffact</p>Despiteespecially</p>Fortunatelyhowever</p>Inspiteofluckily</p>Though/althoughnodoubt</p>Onthecontraryotherwise</p>Unfortunatelyunlike</p>Whereasyet</p>4.有关“合”的常用词语.用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容.</p>Aboveallinsum</p>Accordinglyinsummary</p>Asaconsequenceonthewhole</p>Asaresulttherefore</p>Ashasbeennotedthus</p>AsIhavesaidtospeakfrankly</p>Atlasttosumup</p>Atlengthtosummarize</p>Brieflysurely</p>Bydoingsotoconclude</p>Consequentlynodoubt</p>Eventuallyundoubtedly</p>Finallydoubtless</p>Hencetruly</p>Inbriefso</p>Inconclusionobviously</p>Inshortcertainly</p>Allinall<p>高中英语议写作指导飞雪
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